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This paper summarized professor WANG Xinlu's experience in treating metabolic syndrome （MS） based on the “blood turbidity” theory. It is believed that blood turbidity is the key pathological factor for the onset of MS. Blood turbidity accumulates internally， and the zang-fu （脏腑） organs become useless， leading to MS. With long-term blood turbidity， phlegm and stasis are cemented， and the condition is worsened， having changed syndromesfrequently. In clinical practice， the basic treatment method is to clear and dissolve blood turbidity， taking self-prepared Modified Huazhuo Xingxue Decoction （加味化浊行血汤） as the basic formula， and flexibly modifying it according to different stages and manifestations of the disease. Simultaneously， supplementary modern medicines are used to treat abnormal indicators of western medicine.
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Background: Today’s medical students are tomorrow’s future workforce in the Indian health-care system. Leadership quality among medical students is rarely assessed or discussed during the undergraduate medical course. Aim and Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the level of perceived leadership quality among 1st-year medical students in an Indian medical college. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with all 1st-year medical students studying MBBS. We took a convenience sample for this study. A self-report questionnaire-abbreviated self-leadership quality was used to assess the perceived leadership quality. This questionnaire has a total of nine questions or statements that have a 5-point Likert-type response option. Data were presented descriptively and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results: A total of 87 (58 male and 29 female) 1st-year medical students participated in this study. The highest score was for self-goal setting and the lowest score was for self-reward. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the variance of a score. The questionnaire showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 which indicates the questionnaire was having a good internal consistency. Conclusion: From the experience of this single-center study, it may be concluded that 1st-year medical students are having a high level of perceived leadership quality. Although their goal-setting is the highest quality, self-reward is not practiced by them. Leadership training in the curriculum may help in growing the leadership quality among medical students.
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By integration of traditional and Western medicine under particular historical conditions in China, some doctors of Western medicine are learning traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)and try to interconnect the two theories.To promote medical progress, they provide TCM services in clinic, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc.But as we know that the laws are lacking for the doctors of Western medicine who want to carry out traditional Chinese medicine service.For the reason, the paper holds that at present there are three fundamental problems that should be solved.First of all, it must be clear that doctors should have qualifications and conditions to provide TCM service.Secondly, it must be clear that the doctors should have practicing scope to guarantee medical security and medical quality.Thirdly, it is imperative to strengthen TCM education and training for doctors.Now it is necessary to further strengthen the standardization of health supervision and law enforcement.
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By integration of traditional and Western medicine under particular historical conditions in China, some doctors of Western medicine are learning traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)and try to interconnect the two theories.To promote medical progress, they provide TCM services in clinic, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, etc.But as we know that the laws are lacking for the doctors of Western medicine who want to carry out traditional Chinese medicine service.For the reason, the paper holds that at present there are three fundamental problems that should be solved.First of all, it must be clear that doctors should have qualifications and conditions to provide TCM service.Secondly, it must be clear that the doctors should have practicing scope to guarantee medical security and medical quality.Thirdly, it is imperative to strengthen TCM education and training for doctors.Now it is necessary to further strengthen the standardization of health supervision and law enforcement.
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Este trabalho, seguindo uma perspectiva arqueogenealógica de Michel Foucault, tem o objetivo de investigar a figura do doente mental definidas pelas práticas e pelos discursos médico/psicológicos emergentes nos séculos XVII-XVIII, tal como a prática de internamento dos alienados; e no século XIX, com o advento da anatomopatologia, isto é, uma nova racionalidade médica pautada na objetivação da relação médico-paciente, como uma prática clínica. Esta pesquisa será realizada em três partes correspondentes às investigações de Foucault sobre suas obras, entre elas, História da Loucura, Nascimento da Clínica e O Poder Psiquiátrico. A partir dos estudos apresentados em História da Loucura, direcionamos as nossas análises para os séculos XVII e XVIII. A História da Loucura é um livro que faz uma arqueologia de uma percepção social do louco. Em Nascimento da Clínica, é apresentada uma arqueologia do olhar positivo. Por último, entraremos na genealogia Foucaultiana com O Poder Psiquiátrico para averiguarmos os desdobramentos históricos do século XIX sobre os dispositivos que efetuaram a produção da figura do doente mental.
This paper,following an archeogenealogical perspective of Michel Foucault, aims to investigate the mentally ill figure defined by the emerging medical/psychological practices and discourses in the 17th and 18h centuries, such as the practice of internment of the alienated; and in the 19th century, with the advent of anatomopathology, i.e. a new medical rationality based on the objectification of the doctor-patient relationship, as a clinical practice. This research will be conducted in three parts corresponding to Foucault's investigations of his works, including History of Madness, Birth of the Clinic and Psychiatric Power. From the studies presented in History of Madness, we directed our analysis to the 17th and 18th centuries. The History of Madness is a book that makes an archeology of a social perception of the insane. In Birth of the Clinic, an archeology of the positive look is presented. Finally, we will enter the Foucaultian genealogy with Psychiatric Power to ascertain the historical developments of the 19th century about the devices that produced the mentally ill figure.
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Humans , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Physician-Patient Relations , Psychiatry/history , Mentally Ill Persons/historyABSTRACT
The Korean Empire, its state sovereignty threatened by the Empire of Japan, joined the Geneva Conventions in 1903 for the purpose of neutral diplomacy and established the imperial Korean Red Cross Hospital in 1905. This hospital was a result of the effort of the Korean Empire to seek a new medical system based on the Western medicine. However, after the Russo-Japanese War, Japan interfered straightforwardly in the domestic affairs of Korea and eventually abolished the Korean Red Cross Hospital in 1907 to create Daehan Hospital under Japanese colonial rule. With newly-found historical records, this study investigates the whole process of the Korean Red Cross Hospital, which has remained unknown so far, despite its importance. From the very beginning, the Korean Red Cross Hospital was under strong influence of the Empire of Japan. The site for the hospital was chosen by a Japanese army doctor, Junryō Yoshimoto, and the construction was supervised by Rokurō Katsumata, who also later on are involved in the construction of Daehan Hospital. Moreover, all the main positions for medical treatments were held by Japanese practitioners such as Gorō Tatami and Kaneko Yano. Nevertheless, the Korean government had to shoulder the all operating costs. The office of the Korean Red Cross was relocated away from the Korean Red Cross Hospital, and the government of the Korean Empire was not willing to burden the expenses of the Hospital. Moreover, the list of employees of the Korean Red Cross and that of the Korean Red Cross Hospital were drawn up separately: the former is left only in Korea and the latter in Japan. These facts suggest that those two institutes were managed dualistically unlike any other nation, implying that this may have been a means to support the Daehan Hospital project. According to the statistics, health care services in the Korean Red Cross Hospital seems to have been carried out successfully. There had been an increase in the number of patients, and the ratio of female patients was relatively high (26.4%). Only Western medications were prescribed and surgical operations with anesthesia were performed routinely. The approach to Western medicine in Korea was changing during that period. The rise and fall of the Korean Red Cross Hospital represent the urgent situation of the Korean Empire as well as the imperialistic methodology of the Empire of Japan to use medicine as a tool for colonization. Although the transition process of medical policy by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea still remains to be fully elucidated, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the history of modern medicine in Korea.
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Female , Humans , Academies and Institutes , Anesthesia , Asian People , Colon , Delivery of Health Care , Diplomacy , History, Modern 1601- , Japan , Korea , Red Cross , Shoulder , Social ChangeABSTRACT
La·Mettrie is an early outstanding representative of the French materialism philosophy in 18 Centu-ry.And with his unique " man a machine" ideology,he demonstrated the unity of the relationship between body and mind,criticized the religious theology,scholasticism and the philosophy of previous physical and mental sepa-ration,which played an active role in enlightening people's thinking and laid an ideological foundation for the de-velopment of the capitalist society and economy at that time.He returned all of the life activities to mechanical movements or physical and chemical reactions,which objectively provided the theoretical foundation of philosophy for the generation of modern biomedical mode and also foreshadowed various problems emerging in the process of modern medical diagnosis and treatment activities.
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The research take the argument of yin-yang deficiency and excess between Zhu Danxi and Zhang Jingyue as entry point,from the stand of metaphor to analyze the formation of basis and reason of respective opinion,and discover the metaphorical directive function to acknowledge etiology,disease,treatment,prescription in terms of incubative pathogen,SARS,“Ti hu jie gai”,smooth sailing with water rising,Li-yin Decoction and so on.Draw a conclusion that TCM theory is consist of a bunch of metaphor.A good metaphor not only explain the physiology and pathology of human body,but also the origin of establishing therapeutic principle and creating prescription.The theory of TCM after analogism will be reconstructed with hierarchical structure and coordinate structures.
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Through consulting related literatures on modern medicine pathogenesis and treatment status of chronic pain,new clinical treatment methods were revealed and summarized.Literatures on modern medicine pathogenesis and treatment of chronic pain were retrieved from the CNKI,Wanfang Data,VIP,and Pubmed database from January 2000 to December 2016.Literatures with big influence,strong representation and new treatment method were screened.All methods were classified to summarize the pathogenesis and clinical application situation.This paper discussed the pathogenesis of peripheral sensitization,central sensitization,psychological mechanism and clinical medication.Through nearly 15 years of literature analysis,the pathogenesis of modern medicine and treatment status of chronic pain were summarized.
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In the long course of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) development history,generations of physicians in their long-term medical practice,have paid attention to assimilate and apply new technology and new theory,constantly enrich and perfect the medical technologies,methods and theory systems.It is particularly important to promote the innovation of TCM theory and guide the clinical application of TCM through the learning and absorption of advantages from modern technologies and biomedicine to transform as part of TCM,and then,to expatiate with TCM language.It is especially important in the promotion of TCM theory innovation and clinical guidance of TCM practice.This paper overviewed the common points between TCM and modern medicine from the aspects of balance and steady state of organism,zangfu-organ relationship,etiology and pathogenesis,syndrome differentiation methods,compatibility of Chinese herbal medicine and formula,medicinal properties and pharmacology,etc.The feasibility of applying modern medicine in the interpretation of TCM and its development prospects was expatiated.It provided new ideas and new methods in TCM development.
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Background: Traditional remedies are mostly used as auto-medications for the treatment of physical diseases not only in Saudi Arabia but also worldwide. The traditional preparations are also prescribed by practitioners to patients who seek their consultation. Objective: The objective of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of medical students and their mothers towards traditional medicine (TM) and modern medicine (MM) in Tabuk city. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of purposefully selected University Preparatory Program (UPP) students (n=147) for health specialties and their mothers (n=61) was conducted to examine their KAP of TM and MM at the University of Tabuk and mothers' homes. A self-designed, self-administered questionnaire with 10-item to be answered mostly by "yes" or "no" was used in this research. Results: There were no significant differences in knowledge between students and their mothers concerning TM safety, efficacy, rapid cure, cost, and use in various mild diseases and cosmetic conditions. However, mothers' practice of TM differed significantly in regards to self-use of herbal medicines for skin diseases. Mother's attitude that TM is a primitive mode of treatment significantly differed from the views of medical students. Conclusion: The preliminary findings of this survey suggest that the participants differentially preferred the use of both TM and MM in the treatment of various physical conditions as well as for cosmetic purposes. Further research is needed to comparatively explore medical student and mother KAP of TM and MM in Saudi Arabia.
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Stomach-Qi is an important concept in traditional Chinese medicine and widely accepted among many traditional Chinese medicine practitioners. However, the essence of stomach-Qi is unclear and not systematically reported. Thus, this article summarized some recent researches about stomach-Qi. It elaborated that the relationships among stomach-Qi and hemodynamic, immunity function and gastrointestinal function (gastrointestinal substance, gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal nutrition). With such review, TCM practitioners will well understand stomach-qi, emphasizeit, reinforce and protect it.
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This study discusses the historical significance of the Natural Cure Movement of Germany, centering on the Kneipp Cure, a form of hydrotherapy practiced by Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897). The Kneipp Cure rested on five main tenets: hydrotherapy, exercise, nutrition, herbalism, and the balance of mind and body. This study illuminates the reception of the Kneipp Cure in the context of the trilateral relationship among the Kneipp Cure, the Natural Cure Movement in general, and modern medicine. The Natural Cure Movement was ideologically based on naturalism, criticizing industrialization and urbanization. There existed various theories and methods in it, yet they shared holism and vitalism as common factors. The Natural Cure Movement of Germany began in the early 19th century. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, it became merged in the Lebensreformbewegung (life reform movement) which campaigned for temperance, anti-tobacco, and anti-vaccination. The core of the Natural Cure Movement was to advocate the world view that nature should be respected and to recognize the natural healing powers of sunlight, air, water, etc. Among varied natural therapies, hydrotherapy spread out through the activities of some medical doctors and amateur healers such as Johann Siegmund Hahn and Vincenz Prieβnitz. Later, the supporters of hydrotherapy gathered together under the German Society of Naturopathy. Sebastian Kneipp, one of the forefathers of hydrotherapy, is distinguished from other proponents of natural therapies in two aspects. First, he did not refuse to employ vaccination and medication. Second, he sought to be recognized by the medical world through cooperating with medical doctors who supported his treatment. As a result, the Kneipp cure was able to be gradually accepted into the medical world despite the “quackery” controversy between modern medicine and the Natural Cure Movement. Nowadays, the name of Sebastian Kneipp remains deeply engraved on the memories of German people through various Kneipp spa products, as well as his books such as My Water Cure and Thus Shalt Thou Live! Wörishofen, where Kneipp had served as catholic priest as well as hydrotherapist for 42 years from 1855, changed its name to “Bad Wörishofen” (“Wörishofen Spa” in German). The Kneipp Cure and the Natural Cure Movement became a source of ecologica l thought which is currently gaining more and more sympathy from German people. It is regarded as a lieu de mémoire (site of memory) reflecting the collective identity of German people.
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Humans , Clergy , Fathers , Germany , Herbal Medicine , History, Modern 1601- , Hydrotherapy , Naturopathy , Quackery , Sunlight , Temperance , Urbanization , Vaccination , Vitalism , WaterABSTRACT
Therapeutic interventions deal with healthy living i.e., maintenance of good health, dealing with conditions that requires special care such as child birth and healing i.e., treatment and cure of the sickness. Islam guides mankind to have ultimate faith on Allah Almighty’s approval for healthy living and healing as well as provides guidelines for cleanliness, healthy eating/drinking habits and controlled physical and mental stress. Thus, holistic view of healthy living and healing in Islam is founded both on the faith on the oneness and the almighty authority of Allah as well as physical, social, psychological factors. Revealed scriptures before Qur`an, gave equal emphasis on the same faith and factors. At the same time, different schools of thought of therapeutic interventions deal either with the physical or the metaphysical means of health and healing. This paper will discuss the links and gaps between Islamic principles and practices for health and healing and similar practices in other faith and therapeutic interventions observed in (post)modern community.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of combined therapy of Fuyuan Huoxue decoction and transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization in the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. Methods 80 patients with primary hepatic carcinoma were randomly divided into a control group, treated by transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization, and a treatment group, additionally treated by Fuyuan Huoxue decoction on the basis of the control group. By observing the change of gross tumor volume、tumor markers、clinical symptoms、Karnofsky Performance Status(KPS) score、quality of life and so on,compare the clinical effects and quality of life between the two groups. Results The effective rate of solid tumor was 47.50%and 35%in the treatment and the control group respectively, with no significant difference(χ2=-1.229, P>0.05);The total effect rate was 87.50%and 32.50%in the treatment and the control group respectively, with significant difference(χ2=-5.633, P0.05);The accumulated scores change of quality of life(QOL) has asignificant difference(χ2=-3.025, P<0.05) between the two groups after the treatment. Conclusion The combined therapy of Fuyuan Huoxue decoction and transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization can alleviate the clinical symptoms, improve treatment effects and quality of life of patients with primary hepatic carcinoma.
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Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer of women worldwide. Over the past 20 years, the incidence and mortality rates of BC have increased and have ranked the first place of the female cancer in our country. In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), etiology and pathogenesis of BC have long been recognized. Base on these basic theories, TCM physicians have developed their typical opinions on BC treatment. Liver depression has been considered as the key point and the main syndrome type in BC syndrome differentiation. It showed the impor-tance of liver depression syndrome in breast cancer and provided ideas for clinical treatment. With the development of modern science, several experimental and clinical studies have found that liver depression syndrome is closely related to BC. Further study on liver depression syndrome in BC procession may not only helpful to screen high-risk BC groups and improve the early diagnosis rate but also helpful to find new drug targets.
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The medical community as a whole is attempting to start preventive therapy for coronary heart disease (CHD) patients earlier in life. However, the main limitations of such interventions are drug resistance and adverse reactions. Additionally, traditional biomarker discovery methods for CHD focus on the behavior of individual biomarkers regardless of their relevance. These limitations have led to attempting novel approaches to multi-dimensionally investigate CHD and identify safe and efficacious therapies for preventing CHD. Recently, the benefit of Chinese medicine (CM) in CHD has been proven by increasing clinical evidence. More importantly, linking CM theory with modern biomedicine may lead to new scientific discoveries. According to CM theory, all treatments for patients should be based on patients' syndromes. A recent epidemiological investigation has demonstrated that blood stasis syndrome (BSS) is the major syndrome type of CHD. BSS is a type of complex pathophysiological state characterized by decreased or impeded blood flow. Common clinical features of BSS include a darkish complexion, scaly dry skin, and cyanosis of the lips and nails, a purple or dark tongue with purple spots, a thready and hesitant pulse, and stabbing or pricking pain fixed in location accompanied by tenderness, mass formation and ecchymosis or petechiae. The severity of BSS is significantly correlated with the complexity of coronary lesions and the degree of stenosis, and is an important factor affecting the occurrence of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. The mechanisms of BSS of CHD patients should be investigated from a modern medicine perspective. Although many studies have attempted to explore the biomedical mechanisms of BSS of CHD, from hemorheological disorders to inflammation and immune responses, the global picture of BSS of CHD is still unclear. In this article, the current status of studies investigating the biomedical mechanisms of BSS of CHD and future perspectives are discussed.
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Humans , Coronary Disease , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , MethodsABSTRACT
Los críticos de la Homeopatía han señalado que esta materia carece de bases científicas y que hay pocas evidencias documentales que den cuenta de su eficacia.El presente trabajo es un ensayo que coloca al lector en el contexto histórico,filosófico y político que nació la Homeopatía, como un punto de partida que despuésse transforma en una exposición en la que se discute si la medicina configuradapor Samuel Hahnemann es antigua o moderna. El autor dedica gran parte de su ensayo a destacar algunas ideas fundamentales de Crítica de la razón pura, obra del célebre filosofo alemán (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant,y señala cómo, a partir de ellas, es que la medicina alopática empezó a interesarse por atender las consecuencias de la enfermedad y no la enfermedad misma. Kant actuó de buena fe y coloco en la mesa de discusión ideas revolucionarias que dieron pie a la sistematización de las ciencias modernas. Sin embargo, ello no significa, señala el autor de este artículo, que algunos conceptos utilizados en Homeopatía, como totalidad, organismo o fuerza vital deban ser ignorados a priori.
Critics of homeopathy have pointed out that this matter has no scientific basis andthe existing evidence is too insufficient to account for their effectiveness. This paper is a trial that places the reader in the historical, philosophical and political in which homeopathy came as a starting point, this point then transformed into an exhibition in which it is discussed whether the regime of Samuel Hahnemann is ancient or modern. The author devotes much of his trial will highlight some fundamental ideasof Critique of Pure Reason, by the famous German philosopher (1724-1804) ImmanuelKant, and shows how, from them, is that allopathic medicine became interestedto address the consequences of the disease and not the disease itself. Kant acted in good faith and placed on the table for discussion revolutionary ideas that led to the systematization of modern science. However, this does not mean, says the author of this article, some concepts used in homeopathy as all, body or life force should be ignored a priori.
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Homeopathic Philosophy/history , Homeopathy/history , Allopathic Practices/historyABSTRACT
William Osler es uno de los médicos con más influencia e importancia en la historia de la medicina. Su influencia abarca varios campos: el clínico, el educativo, el literario, elinvestigativo, e incluso el filosófico. Muchos de sus métodos de estudio son aun utilizados en muchasescuelas de medicina, y también sus enseñanzas son aplicables a la práctica de la medicina actual.Biólogo, patólogo, internista, profesor, observador clínico, autor, bibliófilo, historiador y amante de su profesión, Sir William Osler revolucionó el sistema de enseñanza de la medicina y creó el primer hospital universitarioen Estados Unidos hace más de 100 años. La grandeza del pensamiento de Osler, su reverencia por losestudiantes y los pacientes, lo convierte en un personajedigno del recuerdo. Osler, a pesar de los pocos tratamientosefectivos que poseía (lo que su época tenía), creía que los médicos podían encontrar satisfacción en su practicade la medicina y podían ayudar a los pacientes a curar, oal menos a tener una mejor calidad de vida, teniendo la mente abierta, siendo creativos y artistas científicos, másque intercambiadores de servicios.
William Osler is one of the most influent and important physicians in the history of medicine.His influence covers many fields, as clinical practice, education, literature, research, even philosophy. Many of his teachings are still used in many medical schools over the world, as theyare still practiced in actual medicine. Biologist, pathologist, internist, teacher, clinical observer,author, bibliophile, historian, and a lover of his profession, Sir William Osler revolved the teachingof medicine in the United States, and createdthe first university hospital more than 100 years ago. The greatness of his thoughts, his reverencefor the students and patients, convertshim in a person worth remembering. Besides the few effective treatments of time, Osler believedthat physicians could find satisfaction in their practice, and that they could cure patients, and helps them have a better quality of life, by beingopen minded, creative and scientific artists, more than exchangers of services.
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Humans , History of Medicine , Hospitals, University , TeachingABSTRACT
Despite China's cultural impact, Japanese physicians used the medical knowledge they adopted from their great neighbor with surprising independence. Being more open to interactions with Westerners, even after the adoption of a semiseclusion policy in 1639, Japan played a significant role in the early knowledge transmission of acupuncture and moxibustion to Europe.<BR>The first reports on traditional Far Eastern medicine by Europeans came from 16th-century Japan, where Jesuit missionaries accumulated considerable knowledge of acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse feeling, and materia medica. However, their observations were dispersed among a variety of letters, 'historias', and dictionaries, and there was no significant impact among European readers.<BR>Medical interactions in Japan changed significantly in 1641 with the relocation of the Dutch trading post from Hirado to Dejima (Nagasaki). Establishing a permanent position for a surgeon/physician laid the foundations for continuous exchange between Japanese physicians and their Western colleagues.<BR>European scholarly interest in moxibustion began with a booklet by Hermann Buschoff, a Dutch clergyman in Batavia, about a remedy against Podagra that he called Moxa (in Japanese, mogusa). Buschoff found it difficult to understand the physiological principles underlying his miracle cure. After serious debate in the German Academy of Natural Science, Andreas Cleyer, a licensed physician and trading post chief in Japan, clarified the botanical background and the production methods of Moxa. However, unable to understand Eastern pathology, Western physicians inevitably looked for similarities with their own tradition and in Egyptian medicine. Although Engelbert Kaempfer demonstrated its broad range of applications in Japan, Moxa was assimilated as a remedy against gout following the old Western principle of 'revulsion'.<BR>After many earlier remarks by Portuguese Jesuits, Willem ten Rhijne's article on acupuncture marks the beginning of scholarly discussions on the art of needling. He and his eminent successor at Dejima, Kaempfer, presented recent Japanese inventions such as the 'tube needle'and the 'hammer needle', which were unknown in China. While the tube needle was a simple technical improvement, the hammer needle was used as part of a new therapeutic concept that ignored the Chinese 'meridians'. Both highly educated physicians were unable to overcome the language barrier and depended on Japanese interpreters with limited knowledge of Dutch. Thus 'meridians'were considered to be blood vessels, ki became 'wind'(flatus), and the accumulation of ki in the abdominal area seemed to be a kind of 'colic'. As Kaempfer described, the use of needles in such cases inevitably led to rejection by Western medical authorities.